by

Ismail Qaddah

Let’s all agree that some major boundaries collide with the very imagination of all science lovers around the world. Such boundaries are portrayed as inexplicable phenomena in nature. However, in this book we shall try to stretch these boundaries and delve into a confident open-minded pursuit of scientific understanding. Throughout the upcoming pages we will explore the opportunity to conquer new altitudes of thought wonder, just remember to open your mind.

Firstly, the ‘Black hole’; it is one of the two fates a dying star faces, as the other one is a neutron star (which is basically a star that imploded due to gravitational collapse on itself, and is said to be formed majorly of neutrons and some electrons and protons.). A ‘Black hole’ is a point in space said to possess a very strong gravitational pull that even light cannot escape its boundaries.1

Secondly, Einstein’s geometric gravity; let’s put it this way, we have two particles –A & B - moving in a straight line parallel to each other in empty space. Figure (a)

Particles moving in separate yet parallel straight lines will never meet, but are situated to stay at a constant distance from one another.

In the view of classical physics, if particles diverge from parallel straight lines, then it must be due to some sort of resistance acting on them. The forces that accelerated these particles caused them to leave the straightest paths possible as seen in the following image.

Particles A & B start out in parallel, but later on their two paths meet. In Newton’s theory of gravity, gravitation is a force which could cause such an effect. For instance, the reason that the two entities in the above image speed up towards each other and then meet could be that they are both attracted gravitationally by a massive body located at the destination of their meeting.

However, there is another possibility in which the same situation (where two particles that start out in parallel converge and finally meet) could arise. The two particles could still be moving on the straightest possible lines - not in the plane, but on a curved surface! Figure (c):

In that situation, there is no force making the particles deviate from the straightest possible lines; the very fact that the particles are moving on a sphere means that, even if they still move as straight as possible, their directions will change.

Einstein's theory is exactly analogous to this. In Newton's theory, gravity makes particles leave their straight paths. In Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is a distortion of space-time. Particles still follow the straightest possible paths in that space-time. But because space-time is now distorted, even on those straightest paths, particles accelerate as if they were under the influence of what Newton called the gravitational force

Thirdly, the ‘Big Bang’ model; It is the prevailing cosmological model describing how the whole universe originated from a single extremely dense point in the universe.

Fourthly, ‘Redshift’; when light or other electromagnetic radiation coming from an object increases in wavelength and shifts to the ‘Red’ end of the spectrum, the process is called a ‘Redshift’2.

Fifthly, ‘Atoms’; are made up of electrons orbiting the nucleus. Each nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons bound together. 3

Sixthly, Electrons, protons & neutrons; are made up of quarks which are composed of six different kinds (Flavors) these are: up, down, strange, charm, bottom and top. These quarks hold each other by gluons and some of these gluons leak out giving a form of energy called ‘leakage energy’ –which will be discussed later.

Seventhly, Centrifugal forces; These are apparent forces that draw a rotating body away from the center of rotation4.

Eighthly, Centripetal forces; These are forces that cause a body to follow a curved path (i.e planets orbiting the stars.)5.

“Whether you think you can, or you think you can't--you're right.” Henry Ford

Part I

Origination

How did it all come to existence? Whenever one hears this simply common question, a ‘Big bang’ model will shoot right out of the blue. Only to refresh the memory, what does this theory consider?

Theories around this case are concerned with a massive explosion - billions of times stronger than that of Hiroshima - that followed the formation of the first atom in the universe. This is why it is called a theory; it could be true it could false, but why wouldn’t it need any addition?

In general, the word ‘Theory’ means an explanation that is still subject to experimentation.

Everything begins in creation with the word ‘Birth’, agreed; the first atom giving birth to the universe was so dense that it expanded with the aim of reaching a state of energy equilibrium. But even then, the universe was so hot and miniature and a time interval of billions of years was essential for the whole universe to cool down. How can one atom give rise to the whole universe unless it was a nuclear bomb of galactic proportions? If we look at it from the perspective of size levels we might come closer to realize the truth about how it all came to be. Now, what I mean by that term ‘size levels’ is the difference in size between different orbiter-orbitee systems.

For instance, an electron orbits a nucleus, a planet orbits a star, and a star in our galaxy orbits a ‘Super Massive Black Hole’ and so on. The above are size levels of orbital systems arranged in an ascending order according to size. Therefore, if a tiny radioactive atom could give rise to a super explosion when split, what can the first singularity formed in the universe produce when split?

The ‘Big Bang’ used to be the prevailing cosmological model concerning the early development of the universe. It stated that the universe is expanding by proof of the Redshift phenomenon. Meaning that in the ‘Big Bang’ model, the universe was way denser and hotter following its birth. The formation of subatomic particles happened following the cooling down of the universe. Scientists used large particle accelerators to replicate the conditions that were present during the development of the universe. In my personal point of view, the scientists should have considered the presence of the electrical charge dispersion during the early development of the universe when all particles were colliding together at infinite speed. Just like any sand storm or rain storm on Earth; huge sparks of static electricity shoot out of the blue. The main reason is that the strength of the sand or rain storm causes the sparks. But what is meant by strength? Strength in the storm model means the degree of the friction and density of particles in a given three dimensional space of the storm. Imagining the Birth of the universe as a huge, hot and dense sand storm, can explain the generation of huge electric sparks in the world, together with a huge dispersion in the positive and negative electrical charges that are proven to keep the electrons orbiting their nuclei in atoms to our present day.